Posts Tagged ‘Entomology’

Metaphysical Siphonaptera Poetry

Saturday, January 17th, 2009

I’ve wanted to take a look at the portrayl of insects in society and had intended to start with how they are used in computer games and looking at how accurately they are represented. I was recently impressed by the scorpions in Fallout 3 which even had pectines!

For now I shall start with something a little older. Whilst cataloguing some books I came across one on metaphysical poetry and one of the poems it contained was John Donne’s (1572-1631) ‘The Flea’ which is full of sexual and religious imagery, not something you first think of when you think about fleas.

The Flea

Mark but this flea, and mark in this,
How little that which thou deny’st me is ;
It suck’d me first, and now sucks thee,
And in this flea, our two bloods mingled be;
Thou know’st that this cannot be said
A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead ;
Yet this enjoys before it woo,
And pamper’d swells with one blood made of two ;
And this, alas, is more than we would do.

O stay, three lives in one flea spare,
Where we almost, yea, more than married are.
This flea is you and I, and this
Our marriage bed, and marriage temple is.
Though parents grudge, and you, we’re met,
And cloister’d in these living walls of jet.
Though use make you apt to kill me,
Let not to that self-murder added be,
And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.

Cruel and sudden, hast thou since
Purpled thy nail in blood of innocence?
Wherein could this flea guilty be,
Except in that drop which it suck’d from thee?
Yet thou triumph’st, and say’st that thou
Find’st not thyself nor me the weaker now.
‘Tis true, then learn how false fears be;
Just so much honour, when thou yield’st to me,
Will waste, as this flea’s death took life from thee.

If you would like to read a summary of the poem you can at SparkNotes.

It’s interesting to note that fleas were often written about in 16th and 17th century European poetry, but I suppose people saw them more often than we do now. I can’t recall any modern poetry about fleas!

Stats, News & Links

Thursday, January 15th, 2009

Stats: I will be writing a post on statistics soon, but for the moment I though I’d share some of my visitor statistics with you, my visitors! We are halfway through January and I’ve already had over 800 unique visits and over 2,500 hits for the month. What I find more interesting (as a computer geek) are the browsers you are using and operating systems.

Browsers in order of popularity:

Graph of internet browser users

Firefox (Mozilla 5) was the most used browser with 224 users, followed by: Internet Explorer 6.0 (73 users), Internet Explorer 7.0 (55 users), Safari (8 users), and finally Internet Explorer 5.5 & 5.0 (8 users).

Operating systems in order of popularity:

Operating system popularity

Windows XP was the most used operating system with 260 users followed by: Windows Vista (15 users), MacOS (12 users) and Windows Server 2003 (3 users).

Windows XP 260 users
Windows Vista 15 users
MacOS 12 users
Windows Server 2003 3 users

I don’t know how representative of other blogs this is but I was a little suprised at how few people are using Vista. Unlike the internet average, more people are using Firefox here.

News: I’m planning to add some more sections to Sections soon, and possibly jazz up the appearance. I intend to write a couple of reviews on books and compile a recommended entomology book list.

I did intend to write a little about gaming on here, but I’ve decided that I will use this blog more for science-related things and put gaming on a separate page on my main site which is in need of more content!

Links: I’ve added quite a few more links recently including:
BioImages
Invertebrate Link
My Bit of the Planet
The Ranger’s Blog

Some of these were recommended to my by Stuart Hine – thanks Stuart!

Finally, a light entomophagy reading snack: have you ever thought about eating silkworms (Bombyx mori)? A Chinese research team has investigated silkworms as a potential food for astronauts.

Invertebrate Snacks at Selfridges (part 3)

Tuesday, January 13th, 2009

Following on from two earlier posts (first post, second post) I tried the three invertebrate snacks that I got from Selfridges and, using the correct binomial names (as two of the names were wrong on the packaging), here are my thoughts:

I was disappointed with the very mild curry taste of the thai green curry crickets (Acheta domesticus) which didn’t taste like thai green curry at all, more like mild curry powder, but had an inoffensive taste overall. This was an interesting species to try because it is commonly sold in pet shops as reptile/invertebrate food and will happily live on many things (including vegetable waste) making it a viable invertebrate to culture for human food.

Edible insect: chocolate covered scorpion

Edible insect: chocolate covered scorpion

The chocolate covered scorpion (Mesobuthus martensii) was fairly pleasant; the crunchy texture of the scorpion went well with the chocolate, making it feel like a biscuit. There was a very subtle taste of something savoury but it was masked by the taste of the chocolate. I would eat these again and so would my girlfriend.

Edible insect: giant toasted ant

Edible insect: giant toasted ant

A number of my friends tried the giant toasted ants (Atta cephalotes) and none of them liked the taste or the smell. I was the only one that liked them but they do have a very strong and distinctive taste, so I can see why they didn’t get universal taste bud acclaim! I think the packet description is fairly accurate, “… similar to crispy bacon with an earthy taste”.

I had a good time trying these and I intend to pursue the topic of insects as a food in further posts. If you’re interested in reading a bit more about insects and food now, have a read of Bug Girl’s latest post on cochineal, an insect derived food colouring.

I shall add some photos to this post soon.

Grazing & Coppicing Aid Butterfly Conservation in Essex

Sunday, January 11th, 2009

As my home county and the county I currently reside in, Essex and its flora and fauna are of particular interest to me. With some of the worrying developments along the Thames (notably the West Thurrock Marshes) it was good to read some positive news for the Grizzled Skipper, Pyrgus malvae (Wisbey, 2008: pg.5) and the Heath Fritillary, Melitaea athalia (Grimshaw, 2008: pg.7) in the Winter issue of Essex Wildlife.

Langdon nature reserve has managed their meadows with periodic sheep and cattle grazing, preventing growth of young trees and the more rapidly growing plants and grasses, allowing smaller plants survive. This meadow management has allowed the populations of P. malvae to increase.

Little Haven nature reserve has a growing colony of M. athalia along a managed area of coppiced trees under power lines which also has lots of Common Cow-wheat, Melampyrum pratense, one of the main foodplants for the species. As this is a UK BAP priority species with decreasing distribution and populations, this is fantastic news.

Reference:
Wisbey, J. (2008) Grizzled Skippers at Langdon, Essex Wildlife, November 2008, No. 77.
Grimshaw, S. (2008) Heath Fritillary now well established at Little Haven nature reserve, Essex Wildlife, November 2008, No. 77.

Mating Mosquitos: A High Freqency Buzz

Friday, January 9th, 2009

A recent study (Cator et al, 2009) published in Science has found that the mosquito Aedes aegypti uses harmonic convergence of their flight tones (wing beat frequency) in their mating ritual.

A. aegypti is an important species of mosquito as it acts as a vector for two human viral diseases: dengue and yellow fever. Whilst a vaccine exists for yellow fever, we lack one for dengue so alternate methods of combating the disease are needed. One way of achieving this is to control the mosquito population by releasing many genetically modified sterilised male insects which prevents the production of viable offspring, something that some of the study’s authors are involved with. This recent discovery of the mosquitoe’s mating strategy allow the audible appeal of the modified males to be assessed before release, increasing the chances of a modified male mating with a female in the wild.

The study also found that the mosquito’s auditory sensory organ, the Johnston’s organ, can detect frequencies of up to 2kHz, higher than was previously thought.

I first read about the study on Wired Science News (Wall, 2009).

References:
Cator, L.J., Arthur, B.J., Harrington, L.C., and Hoy, R.R. (2009) Harmonic Convergence in the Love Songs of the Dengue Vector Mosquito. Science, 8th January [Online]. Available at:
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1166541 (Science Express) [Accessed 9th January 2009].

Wall, M. (2009) Whining and Dining: Love, Mosquito Style. Wired, [internet] 8th January. Available at:
http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/01/mosquitowings.html [Accessed 9th January 2009]

Odonata/Dragonfly Nomenclature

Monday, January 5th, 2009

The 2008 Entomology class of Imperial College (me included) were fortunate to have the late Philip Corbet give lectures on Odonata, recounting his fascinating experiences with their aerial stunts and inspiring us with his knowledge on biology and ecology.

I had been meaning to read his final book on Dragonflies, co-authored with Stephen Brooks, since it was published in 2008 but have only recently aquired it.

I have yet to complete reading it, but have enjoyed what I’ve read so far. One thing that struck me was the recommendation for the adoption of a new English name for the suborder Anisoptera; whilst the members of suborder Zygoptera are collectively known as the damselflies, the Anisoptera are generally known as dragonflies, which is the same English name we use for the entire order. Whilst there have been other proposed solutions for exclusively referring to the Anisoptera (such as using a lowercase ‘d’, hyphenating the name ‘dragon-flies’ or leaving a space ‘dragon flies’) none have been universally adopted in English nomenclature. To remedy this Corbet and Brooks (2008, p.7) suggest the following:

Odonata: dragonflies
Zygoptera: damselflies
Anisoptera: warriorflies

Aeshna mixta - a warriorfly

Aeshna mixta - a warriorfly

Ischnura elegans - a damselfly

Ischnura elegans - a damselfly

I like the term warriorflies and its use makes sense, so I shall be using it for now on.

Reference:
Corbet, P. and Brooks S. (2008) Dragonflies. London, Collins.

Invertebrate Snacks at Selfridges (part 2)

Saturday, January 3rd, 2009

Earlier in December I wrote about a new range of snacks that Selfridges had started to sell, and during a Christmas trip to London I visited Selfridges to buy some. I (and some friends) will be eating them soon to provide you some more photos and to describe how they taste.

Tenebrio molitor lollypops: part of the Selfridges display of invertebrate snacks (Copyright Elizabeth Livermore)

Tenebrio molitor lollypops: part of the Selfridges display of invertebrate snacks (Copyright Elizabeth Livermore)

All of the snacks were from edible, an alternative online food shop, and were a little cheaper to buy at Selfridges than from the edible website.

I checked the packaging and found that the species names did not follow the proper protocol for binomial nomenclature: all names were either entirely in lowercase or uppercase, and none were italicised. The class of the scorpion was listed incorrectly as ‘INSECTA’ when it should have been Arachnida.

Invertebrate snacks from Selfridges

From left to right: Giant toasted ants, £12.45; Thai green curry crickets, £2.44; and a chocolate covered scorpion, £4.64.

I also investigated the species names (Giant toasted ants: Atta cephalotes, Thai green curry crickets: Acheta domestica, and the chocolate covered scorpion: Buthus martensii) and from my brief searches, A. cephalotes seems correct but the other two are synonyms.

I checked A. domestica in the Orthoptera Species File and it is listed as an unjustified emendation of A. domesticus. I found an entry for Mesobuthus martensii on the UniProt Taxonomy database where it listed B. martensii as a synonym.

I guess edible are not quite as good biologists as you would hope.

Creating Insects in Spore

Thursday, January 1st, 2009

Spore is a game that is built around creating your own content and sharing it with others. Whilst there are some aspects of the game that I wish had more depth I still have fun making creatures in the editor (and later populating worlds with them).

Today I decided to try and recreate Rhogogaster viridis, a sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) which you can see in a photograph from an earlier post.

I began with a basic body shape by altering the initial randomly generated one and adding some eyes.

Creating an insect body in Spore

Creating an insect body in Spore

I then altered the colour a little to add some black before attaching some legs, mouthparts and antennae.

A Spore sawfly with legs, antennae and mouthparts.

A Spore sawfly with legs, antennae and mouthparts.

The final body part to add were the wings which completes the Spore sawfly!

Rhogoviridis - a sawfly made in Spore

Rhogoviridis - a sawfly made in Spore

Whilst it’s not quite a perfect likeness I think it’s pretty close.

Expect to see more Spore insects.

AES: AGM and Members’ Day 2009

Thursday, December 25th, 2008

Location: The Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge

The theme of the event will be ‘Evolution and the insect world’.

See the AES website for more details.

AES: December Bulletin Summary

Wednesday, December 24th, 2008

I have recently received the December issue of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society (AES) journal, The Bulletin, which has a strong orthopteroid theme this month and announced a number of affiliations. This post is a brief summary of the some of the news and articles.

The AES are now formerly affiliated with the Quekett Microscopical Club and the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. The AES Bug Club Magazine will now be produced in partnership with the Royal Entomological Society.

The first article, written by Ed Baker, covering orthopteroid insects was a summary of internet resources for the orders Orthoptera, Phasmida, Mantodea and Blattodea. Each of these orders have an online taxonomic database made using Species File Software and the Phasmida and Blattodea have their own active enthusiasts’ groups, the Phasmid Study Group and the Blattodea Culture Group, which use the European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy‘s Scratchpad software. Links to all of the sites mentioned in the article can be found below (and some are already in the side links).

The second article, written by Dr Peter Sutton, covered the launch and details of the Orthopteroids of the British Isles Recording Scheme and Website. I have briefly written about the recording scheme before but if you want more details on the scheme then the article is worth reading.

The third article, written by Dr Peter Sutton, documented a search in Massif Central, France for the threatened bush-cricket, Gampsocleis glabra.

The last article I found particularly interesting was ‘Notes on Collecting Fleas’ by Bob George. Fleas are one of the orders that I’ve spent little time studying, so I found this a useful and inspiring read. The article covered methods of collecting and some of the legal/ethical responsibilities when collecting.

Links:

Blattodea Species File | Blattodea Culture Group

The Cockroach Forum | Phasmid Species File | Phasmid Study Group

Phasmatodea.de | Mantodea Species File | Mantis Study Group |

Mantophasmatodea.de | Orthoptera Species File

Dermaptera Species File

Reference:
Wilkins, P. (Ed.) and Hough, M. (Ed.). The Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society, vol. 67, no. 481. December 2008.


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